Thank you all who attended the 2nd Session of the Structural Justice series.

We welcome you to read more about the studies that were referenced in this week’s session. Unfortunately, many of these articles are behind journal barricades. The articles with an asterisk (*) should be freely accessible. If you are unable to view any article, please let us know via the Contact Form (here) and we will work with you.

• Featured articles:
  • 2017 Lancet article “Structural racism and health inequities in the USA: evidence and interventions” by Bailey et al.
  • 2021 NEJM article “How Structural Racism Works — Racist Polices as a Root Cause of U.S. Racial Health Inequities” by Bailey et al.
• Dr. Camara Jones’ Three Levels of Racism
  • Internalized
    • 2019 JAMA article “Imposter Syndrome: Treat the Cause, Not the Symptom” by S. Mullangi and R. Jagsi
  • Personally-mediated
    • 2018 American Psychological Association article “Assessing Racial Trauma with the Trauma Symptoms of Discrimination Scale” by Williams et al.
  • Institutionalized (Structural)
    • *see featured articles*

• Racism in Healthcare
  • 2014 Social Science & Medicine article “Systemic Racism and U.S. Health Care” by J. Feagin and Z. Bennefield
  • *2018 Journal of Family Medicine article “Addressing Racism in Medical Education” by White-Davis et al.
  • 2019 JAMA A Piece of My Mind article “Hiding in Plain Sight” by O. Fayanju
  • *2016 NEJM article “Dealing with Racist Patients” by Paul-Emile et al.
  • 2019 Lancet article “The Art of Medicine: The Case for Desegregation” by R. Boyd
  • *2016 NEJM article “Structural Racism and Supporting Black Lives — The Role of Health Professionals” by Hardeman et al.
  • *2020 NEJM article “Diagnosing and Treating Systemic Racism” by Evans et al.

• Bias in Medicine
  • *2011 JAMA article “Association of Unconscious Race and Social Class Bias with Vignette-Based Clinical Assessments by Medical Students” by Haider et al.
  • *2015 “Unconscious Race and Social Class Bias Among Acute Care Surgical Clinicians and Clinical Treatment Decisions” by Halder et al.
  • *2019 JAMA article “Association of Racial and Socioeconomic Diversity With Implicit Bias in Acute Care Surgery” by Zebib et al.
  • *1999 NEJM article “The Effect of Race and Sex on Physicians’ Recommendations for Cardiac Catherization” by Schulman et al.
  • *2016 PNAS article “Racial bias in pain assessment and treatment recommendations, and false beliefs about biological differences between blacks and whites” by Hoffman et al.

• Gender/Sex-based Disparities
  • 2022 JAMA article “Sex-Based Disparities in Timeliness of Trauma Care and Discharge Disposition” by Ingram et al.
  • 2012 Surgery article “Gender-associated differences in accessed to trauma center care: A population-based analysis” by Gomez et al.
  • *2021 JAMA “Association of Surgeon-Patient Sex Concordance With Postoperative Outcomes” by Wallis et al.

• Ethnic/Race-based disparities
  • *2020 Pain Medicine article “Clinician — Patient Racial/Ethnic Concordance Influences Racial/Ethnic/Minority Pain: Evidence from Simulated Clinical Interactions” by Anderson et al.
  • *2006 Annals of Surgery article “Race and Surgical Mortality in the United States” by Lucas et al.
  • *2020 “Physician-patient racial concordance and disparities in birthing mortality for newborns” Greenwood et al.
  • 2022 JACS article “Racial and Ethnic Disparity in Prehospital Pain Management for Trauma Patients” by Bradford et al.

• Equity and Inclusion
  • 2020 Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery article “#EAST4ALL: An introduction to the EAST equity, quality, and inclusion task force” by Bonne et al.