By Clare Kemmerer, Dannie Briggs, Kaedy Puckett, and Maya Ordonez
Part I:
“History is what hurts” remarked Fredric Jameson; Jeffrey Hamburger, responding, asks “what could be more natural than pain?”. Pain, in the Middle Ages, was gratuitously enacted and engaged upon; physical anguish was invoked in everything from grotesque legal punishments to depictions of Hell, from monastic pious practices to gruesome artworks. Artworks from the Middle Ages present pain in a manner of “overkill”, creating scenarios so graphic that they are beyond the capacity of the ordinary imagination. Bodies are pierced with arrows, flayed and roast; the damned feast on each other’s bodies, their bodies contorted in flame. Medieval descriptions of pain–visual and textual–“present a pantomime of pain the likes of which one could not imagine without their suggestive power”. Pain is the property of imagination; the thing which is inferred from images and text describing torture.
The author of an Old English adaptation of the Book of Daniel works in this tradition of overkill and imagination, describing in detail the burning of youths at the behest of the Babylonian king. Pain is absent in the language of the author: it is left to the imagination of the reader. Detailed depictions of flame and heat shape the narrative of the men burning in the ovens, but the author conspicuously omits details of agony. Such agony is for the reader to infer: they are witnesses to pain, affected by the words in such a way as to draw them towards simultaneous empathy and revulsion. Pain is thus framed as a pious act of the imagination, an action performed by the reader in response to the bodily experiences that they witness, through sight, reading or hearing. This is in keeping with the landscape of medieval pain and piety, a landscape which invited Christians to empathize with (in prayer and sometimes in action) the suffering of others as a way to draw near to the suffering of Christ. Pain was thus a triangulated action: experienced (sometimes by a fictional body), witnessed by the reader, and recorded by the text or object. The viewer’s pious pain was in turn witnessed by God, as a form of engagement with Christ.
Part 2:
Reading the poem and original text of Daniel in comparison brings to light how the poet changed, in his version, the degrees of heavenly involvement in punishments. There are two main differences in divine punitive intervention. The first instance is in King Nebekinzzar’s exile which is in the bible described as a madness induced by Heaven where “a voice came down from heaven” and prophesied that the King would be “cast thee out from among men… thou shalt eat grass like an ox… till thou know that the most High ruleth in the kingdom of men’ (Daniel 4.29-30)*. Just as the voice from heaven decreed, the King was physically transformed into a wild animal for 7 years after which his “shape returned to me” and he renounces his pagan beliefs(Daniel 4.34)*. In contrast, in the poem Nebekenezer seems to go mad of his own accord- he ‘became seized with madness and departed in flight’. After his 7 years he inexpliably ‘returned from his mad mind’ with a Christian disposition (Anlezark 289). Interestingly, the bible was written so that the Nabakanesar takes up Christianity as his human body returns to him, which creates the impression that his prior pagan beliefs were sub-human. In the poem, the direct involvement of heaven in spelling out the King’s physical punishment is removed, and instead replaced with an unexplained spell of madness and surprising recovery to Christianity. The poem’s sequence of events, rather than highlighting the animality of paganness instead highlights how surprising and “miracle”-like that Nebuchenesar’s de-paganization is (Anlezark 291). Another instance of difference in divine involvement in punishment occurs in the writing on the wall that acts as testimony against King Baltazar. In the Bible, a disjointed hand writes on the wall (Daniel 5.6) but in the poem an “angel of the Lord allows his hand to come into the high hall, then wrote enigmatic words on the wall” (Anlezark 295). What do you make of why the poet chose to insert divine influence here?
Part 3:
Painful Witness: a sonnet
How many are the suffering of such pain,
Whose witness is in faith or testament;
In corrupt hands do rise up, or refrain
And in fear do succumb to man’s judgement?
Though Kings of Babylon seek power great
Consigning those whose faith is not in each
Some lose faith to brutality in wait
While others still the Lord they do beseech
And gruesome trials face the ones who know
That Presence which omnisciently decides
So Daniel too must true belief he show
Salvation is what faith in God provides
But feel not lions teeth or flame of fire
For spared is he by faith, and God’s desire
Citations
Image: http://www.newliturgicalmovement.org/2017/12/why-is-this-fresco-of-fiery-furnace-so.html#.XqynJVNKgXo
Anlezark, Daniel. Old Testament Narratives. Harvard University Press, 2011.
*I used the Douay-Rheims Bible found at http://www.drbo.org/chapter/32004.htm
Fredric Jameson. The Political Unconscious: Narrative as a Socially Symbolic Act (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1981), 102.
Jeffrey Hamburger. “Overkill, or History That Hurts”, Common Knowledge, 13:2-3 (Duke University Press, 2007), 404-428.
Hostetter, Aaron. “Daniel”, https://anglosaxonpoetry.camden.rutgers.edu/daniel/. Accessed April 1, 2020.
A small-scale 2016 examine by the University of Duisburg-Essen found that more than 40% of
the 263 heterosexual males surveyed mentioned they may
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years. Another, referred to as The first School Sex And Relationships Education Pack by HIT UK,
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completely different sexual positions and prostitution. Epstein pleaded responsible
to soliciting a minor for prostitution in 2008, and served
simply 18 months in jail for the offense despite outrage from victims advocates.
A babysitter who swerved prison regardless of having sex with an 11-12 months-old boy has walked free from court again after high judges dominated her sentence was not too
comfortable. Lawyers representing Mr Wright on the Court of Appeal in London stated Hatt should have gone straight to jail.
Others reported to have spent time with Epstein embody Great Britain’s Prince Andrew and authorized
eagle Alan Dershowitz. In return, she used her contacts to introduce Epstein to leading lights of
the world of showbusiness, politics and royalty, including Prince Andrew.
Social Development Notes. World Bank.
eight vols. Ann Arbor: UMI, 1990. Author, title, topic, and reel-place-Wing-number indexes to the first 42,500 titles in the microfilm collection. By the conclude of the nineteenth century, coeducation was all but common in American elementary and secondary public universities (see Kolesnick, 1969 Bureau of Education, 1883 Butler, 1910 Riordan, 1990).
However, higher instruction was normally single-intercourse, and
men’s colleges and women’s schools have been prevalent nicely into
the 20th century. This commenter asserted
that universities usually do not have potential to comprehensively undertake investigations and uncover corroborative proof, so the preponderance of the proof regular is the most correct standard.
In all other situations, one particular searching for to overturn a guilty verdict based mostly on the sufficiency or quality of the evidence from him “follows in the footsteps of numerous criminal defendants who have manufactured (p.60)equivalent arguments,” and “faces a virtually insurmountable hurdle.” United States v.
Hickok, seventy seven F.3d 992, 1002 (seventh Cir. Factually accurate results are critical in sexual harassment circumstances, where both of those parties facial area most likely existence-altering outcomes from
the outcome, and either typical of proof permitted underneath these final restrictions reduces the chance of a factually inaccurate result.
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Pituitary convert, speed up the launch of a variety of hormones
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and XY, such as in Xiphophorus maculatus, which have the two ZW and XY systems in the
exact same population, in spite of the point that ZW and
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When you carry out yogic Asanas, your interior organs get
massaged. Your anxious system and inner organs are working at their optimum.
These marriages, often referred to as “sham marriages”,
are attributed to the actuality that there is major social strain from loved ones to marry and to uncovered a family members with a husband or wife of the opposite sex.
I’ve been there since I was out of superior college, and then I’ve been again and forth.